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Copper alloy is an alloy formed by adding one or more other elements to pure copper as the matrix. Pure copper is purple-red, also known as red copper. Pure copper has a density of 8.96 and a melting point of 1083°C. It has excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility and corrosion resistance. Mainly used to make electrical equipment such as generators, bus bars, cables, switchgear, transformers, heat exchangers, pipelines, flat plate collectors of solar heating devices and other heat conduction equipment. Commonly used copper alloys are divided into three categories: brass, bronze, and cupronickel. Brass is a copper alloy with zinc as the main additive element. It has a beautiful yellow color and is collectively called brass. Copper-zinc binary alloy is called ordinary brass or simple brass. Brass with more than three yuan is called special brass or complex brass. Brass alloys with a zinc content of less than 36% are composed of solid solution and have good cold working properties. For example, brass with a zinc content of 30% is commonly used to make bullet cases, commonly known as bullet case brass or seven-three brass. Brass alloys with a zinc content between 36% and 42% are composed of solid solution and the most commonly used is the six-four brass with 40% zinc. In order to improve the performance of ordinary brass, other elements such as aluminum, nickel, manganese, tin, silicon, and lead are often added. Aluminum can increase the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of brass, but reduce its plasticity. It is suitable for marine condensers and other corrosion-resistant parts. Tin can improve the strength of brass and its corrosion resistance to seawater, so it is called naval brass and is used for ship thermal equipment and propellers. Lead can improve the cutting performance of brass; this kind of free-cutting brass is often used as a watch part. Brass castings are often used to make valves and pipe fittings. The fire hydrant explosion-proof crescent wrench commonly used in ships is made of brass and aluminum.

Steel is widely used nowadays. Rusting of steel is a very common phenomenon. Under normal circumstances, phosphating is chosen. In addition, blackening treatment can also be used. Blackening treatment produces a dense black layer on the surface of the steel. Oxide film, achieve the purpose of isolating the air, in order to achieve the effect of rust prevention and beauty. In industrial production, steel blackening treatment is usually divided into three stages: The first step is the preparation stage, which can also be called pre-blackening treatment. This step is to clean up the oil, rust, oxide scale, salt slag, etc. on the surface of the steel workpiece. The activation treatment is to prepare for the subsequent blackening treatment. Including boiling, chemical degreasing, pickling, and clamping of workpieces. The second step is blackening treatment. The steel workpieces that have been pre-treated and activated are cleaned with clean water and placed in the blackening solution for a certain period of time, and the required oxide film will be formed on the surface of the workpiece. If the blackening agent is a high-temperature blackening agent, you must control the blackening liquid, temperature and concentration. The third step is dipping anti-rust oil treatment, which is an auxiliary processing stage after blackening. This stage is mainly to supplement treatment and dipping anti-rust oil. The purpose of dipping anti-rust oil is to further improve the corrosion resistance of the oxide film layer. , Improve anti-rust properties, increase lubricity and surface gloss, etc.

Under normal circumstances, there are five common polishing methods: manual polishing, vibration polishing, magnetic polishing, electrolytic polishing and chemical polishing. These polishing methods will use some auxiliary materials, just: polishing paste and polishing liquid. Some polishing methods are only suitable for aluminum polishing, and some can be used for other metal materials, such as stainless steel and copper. In electrolytic polishing, the discarded target is the anode and the insoluble metal is the anode. The two electrodes are immersed in the electrolytic cell at the same time, and the DC ionization reaction produces selective electrolyte dissolution, so as to achieve the effect of removing fine burrs on the surface and increasing brightness. Magnetic polishing uses magnetic field force to pre-grind the material with stainless steel needles to produce rapid rotating motion, so as to achieve multiple effects such as deburring, polishing and washing. Chemical polishing is a method of removing wear marks and leveling by the selective dissolution of chemical reagents on the uneven areas of the sample surface. Need to use aluminum polishing agent for polishing!

1. A thicker coating can be obtained by one coating, such as coating a coating of 100-300μm, using ordinary solvent coatings, about 4-6 times, and powder coatings can reach this thickness in one pass . The corrosion resistance of the coating is very good. 2. The powder coating does not contain solvents and has no pollution from three wastes, which improves labor and hygiene conditions. 3. New technology such as powder electrostatic spraying is adopted, which has high efficiency and is suitable for automatic assembly line coating; the powder has high utilization rate and can be recycled. 4. In addition to thermosetting epoxy, polyester, and acrylic, there are still a large number of thermoplastic grease resistant powder coatings, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, fluorinated polyether, nylon, polycarbonate and various Fluorine resin, etc. Powder coatings began to be used in protection and electrical aspects. With the development of technology, it has been widely used in the automotive industry, electrical insulation, corrosion-resistant chemical pumps, valves, cylinders, pipes, outdoor steel components, steel furniture, castings, etc. Surface coating.

Copper alloy is an alloy formed by adding one or more other elements to pure copper as the matrix. Pure copper is purple-red, also known as red copper. Pure copper has a density of 8.96 and a melting point of 1083°C. It has excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility and corrosion resistance. Mainly used to make electrical equipment such as generators, bus bars, cables, switchgear, transformers, heat exchangers, pipelines, flat plate collectors of solar heating devices and other heat conduction equipment. Commonly used copper alloys are divided into three categories: brass, bronze, and cupronickel. Brass is a copper alloy with zinc as the main additive element. It has a beautiful yellow color and is collectively called brass. Copper-zinc binary alloy is called ordinary brass or simple brass. Brass with more than three yuan is called special brass or complex brass. Brass alloys with a zinc content of less than 36% are composed of solid solution and have good cold working properties. For example, brass with a zinc content of 30% is commonly used to make bullet cases, commonly known as bullet case brass or seven-three brass. Brass alloys with a zinc content between 36% and 42% are composed of solid solution and the most commonly used is the six-four brass with 40% zinc. In order to improve the performance of ordinary brass, other elements such as aluminum, nickel, manganese, tin, silicon, and lead are often added. Aluminum can increase the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of brass, but reduce its plasticity. It is suitable for marine condensers and other corrosion-resistant parts. Tin can improve the strength of brass and its corrosion resistance to seawater, so it is called naval brass and is used for ship thermal equipment and propellers. Lead can improve the cutting performance of brass; this kind of free-cutting brass is often used as a watch part. Brass castings are often used to make valves and pipe fittings. The fire hydrant explosion-proof crescent wrench commonly used in ships is made of brass and aluminum.

Nowadays, steel is widely used, and rusting of steel is a very common phenomenon. Under normal circumstances, phosphating is selected. In addition, anodizing treatment can also be done. Anodizing treatment is to form a dense layer on the surface of the steel. The black oxide film achieves the purpose of isolating the air, in order to achieve the effect of rust prevention and beauty. Since anodizing is so important, what are the processes for steel anodizing? What should these processes do? What is steel anodizing? Generally, it refers to the chemical reaction between the steel workpiece and the blackening agent to form a uniform and dense layer of 0.5 micron to 1 micron on the surface of the steel, which can form a film of Fe₃O₄ with good bonding rate on the surface of the steel. This film has good corrosion resistance and decoration. In industrial production, steel anodizing is usually divided into three stages: The first step is the preparation stage, which can also be called the pre-anodization treatment. This step is to clean up the oil, rust, oxide scale, salt slag, etc. on the surface of the steel workpiece. The activation treatment is to prepare for the subsequent degree of anodic oxidation treatment. Including boiling, chemical degreasing, pickling, and clamping of workpieces. The second step is anodic oxidation treatment. The steel workpieces that have been pre-treated and activated are cleaned with clean water, and placed in the blackening solution for a certain period of time, and the required oxide film will be formed on the surface of the workpiece. If the blackening agent is a high-temperature blackening agent, you must control the blackening liquid, temperature and concentration. The third step is dipping anti-rust oil treatment, which is the auxiliary processing stage after anodic oxidation. This stage is mainly to supplement treatment and dipping anti-rust oil. The purpose of dipping anti-rust oil is to further improve the corrosion resistance of the oxide film layer, thereby , Improve anti-rust properties, increase lubricity and surface gloss. Now, there are basically high-temperature blackening agents on the market, which is wasteful and inconvenient to operate. Normal temperature blackening agents for iron and steel can save you the trouble of heating, simple operation, stable effect, and cost saving.

General aluminum alloy materials or aluminum profiles for general engineering applications. After the semi-finished products are processed and formed, they can be directly anodized by directly entering the anodizing and oxidation production line. The anodized film obtained has shown good protection performance in many engineering applications, and the surface can basically achieve uniform appearance requirements. If the aluminum workpiece after mechanical polishing is directly anodized, only a smooth anodizing oxide film can be obtained, and a highly reflective film layer cannot be obtained. Chemical polishing or electrochemical polishing as a high-grade finishing treatment method can remove relatively slight mold marks and scratches on the surface of aluminum products, remove frictional striations, thermal deformation layers, and oxide film layers that may be formed during mechanical polishing, and make rough surfaces. The surface tends to be smooth and obtains a mirror-like and glossy surface, improves the decorative effect of the aluminum product (such as reflection property, brightness, etc.), and can impart higher commercial added value, greatly satisfying the consumer market with a glossy surface Aluminum product requirements. Therefore, for the anodized film requiring a special surface appearance such as smooth surface, uniform and bright, it requires chemical polishing or electrochemical polishing in advance. Chemical polishing and electrochemical polishing, like mechanical polishing, are indispensable surface preparation techniques for the preparation of surface finishes for high-precision polished aluminum products. In some cases, they can be used as finishing tools for finishing. Chemical polishing and electrochemical polishing can make a special aluminum material a very bright surface, but from the polishing principle, chemical polishing (and electrochemical polishing) and mechanical polishing are essentially different. Mechanical polishing is the use of physical means through the role of cutting and grinding to plastic deformation of the surface of aluminum, so that the surface of the convex part to fill the recess, so that the surface roughness of aluminum reduce, become smooth, improve the surface of aluminum Roughness, so that its surface is smooth or shiny. However, mechanical polishing causes the destruction of crystals on the surface of the metal, deterioration of the metal to produce a plastic deformation layer, and the generation of a tissue change layer due to local heating. Chemical polishing is a kind of chemical etching under special conditions. It controls the selective dissolution of the surface of the aluminum material, so that the surface of the aluminum material is preferentially dissolved in the microscopic convex part of the surface than other parts of the concave part, and the surface is smooth and bright. Electrochemical polishing, also known as electropolishing, is similar to chemical polishing in that it also relies on selectively dissolving tiny protruding portions of the aluminum surface to achieve a smooth surface. Aluminum is immersed into the prepared electrolytic solution as an anode, and a corrosion-resistant and electrically conductive material is used as a cathode. According to the principle of electrochemical tip discharge, the micro-embossed area of the aluminum surface preferentially dissolves after being energized, and at the same time the dissolved product The surface electrolyte forms a high-resistance viscous liquid film layer, and the micro-projection layer film is thinned, and its resistance is small, so that preferential dissolution is continued. At the same time, the liquid film layer on the surface of the dome is thick, the resistance increases, and the dissolution rate of the dome is relatively slow. After a short period of electrolytic treatment, the convex part is dissolved and leveled to the position of the dome part, and the aluminum surface is rough. The degree is reduced to achieve smooth light. Electrochemical polishing of aluminum is referred to in some literature as electropolishing or electrolytic polishing. In the industrial production, the main purpose of using chemical polishing or electrochemical polishing is to replace the mechanical polishing to obtain a smooth and bright aluminum surface; the second is to perform chemical polishing or electrochemical polishing after mechanical polishing to obtain a very high mirror surface Reflective aluminum or aluminum parts achieve surface brightening. Compared with chemical polishing and mechanical polishing, chemical polishing and electrochemical polishing have the following advantages: 1 The equipment is simple, the process parameters are easy to control, the cost of infrastructure and equipment needed for mechanical polishing can be greatly saved, and in some cases, the mechanical polishing is partially replaced or continued. The surface brightness is higher; 2 can handle large parts or large quantities of small parts, and the complex shape of the workpiece can not be automated mechanical polishing process, in this case mechanical polishing is irreplaceable; 3 after chemical or electrochemical polishing The surface is clean, there is no residual mechanical polishing dust, there is a good corrosion resistance; 4 chemical polishing surface mirror reflectance is higher, the metal texture is also better, the surface will not form a cream.

Heat treatment is a metal processing craft in which solid metal materials are heated, kept warm and cooled to change the chemical composition and structure of the surface or inside to obtain the required properties. Compared with other processing techniques, heat treatment generally does not change the shape and overall chemical composition of the parts. Most of the metals used for heat treatment are steel. Steel is the most widely material in the machinery industry. It has a complex micro structure and can be controlled by heat treatment, so steel is the main material for metal heat treatment. Metal heat treatment processes can be roughly divided into three categories: Integral heat treatment, surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment. According to the different heating medium, heating temperature and cooling method, each category can be divided into several different heat treatment processes. Integral heat treatment is the process of heating the entire part and then cooling it at an appropriate speed to obtain the required internal structure / to change its overall mechanical properties. Surface heat treatment is a process that only heats the surface of the parts to change the mechanical properties of the surface. Chemical heat treatment is a process that changes the chemical composition, organization and performance of the surface of the parts. In general, heat treatment can ensure and improve the various properties of the parts, such as wear resistance and corrosion resistance. It can also improve the structure of the blank to facilitate various cold and hot processing.

CNC machining has the following advantages: ① The number of tooling is greatly reduced, and complex tooling is not required for processing parts with complex shapes. If you want to change the shape and size of the part, you only need to modify the part processing program, which is suitable for the development and modification of new products. ②The processing quality is stable, the processing precision is high, and the repeat accuracy is high, which is suitable for the processing requirements of the aircraft. ③The production efficiency is higher in the case of multiple varieties and small batch production, which can reduce the time for production preparation, machine tool adjustment and process inspection, and reduce the cutting time due to the use of the optimal cutting amount. ④ It can process complex profiles that are difficult to process with conventional methods, and even process some unobservable parts. The disadvantage of CNC machining is that the machine tool equipment is expensive and requires maintenance personnel to have a high level.

Titanium and titanium alloys are mainly limited by their poor chemical reactivity with other materials at high temperatures.This property forces titanium alloy to be different from traditional refining, melting and casting techniques, and often causes mold damage.As a result, titanium became very expensive.As a result, they were initially used mostly in aircraft structures and aircraft, as well as in high-tech industries such as the petroleum and chemical industries.However, due to the development of space technology and the improvement of people's quality of life, titanium alloy has gradually been used to make people's livelihood products, benefiting people's life. However, the price of these products is still high, and most of them are high-priced products, which is the biggest fatal flaw that titanium alloy cannot be developed.

1. Box type parts The five-axis machining center can process box-type parts. The box-type parts mainly process some multi-station pores and planes. The machining accuracy requires the processing of box-type parts, especially the box-type parts with strict shape accuracy requirements. Generally, it needs to go through multiple processes such as milling, drilling, expanding, boring, twisting, tapping, etc., all kinds of tools need to be used, and more tools are used. Box type parts are processed on ordinary machine tools The difficulty is relatively large, requiring multiple clamping and alignment, and the machining accuracy is difficult to guarantee. It is generally more appropriate to use a horizontal machining center to process box parts, but a five-axis machining center can also be processed. 2. Complex surface type parts Complex surface type parts often appear in machinery, aerospace and aerospace. Complex surface type parts are difficult or even impossible to complete with ordinary CNC machine tools. Common complex curved surfaces include: impellers, spherical surfaces, blades on turbine engines, molds for forming various curved surfaces, marine propellers, propellers for underwater vehicles, and some other freely combined curved surfaces. These complex curved surface parts are most suitable for machining with a five-axis machining center. The programming workload of using five-axis machining centers to process complex curved surface type parts is relatively large, and the programming of complex curved surface type parts adopts automatic programming technology. 3. Special-shaped parts Special-shaped parts refer to irregular parts, such as workpieces with mixed positions of points, lines, and surfaces. In general, the rigidity of special-shaped parts is relatively poor, so it is difficult or even impossible to process using ordinary CNC machine tools. During the processing, the clamping pressure is difficult to control, and the processing accuracy is difficult to guarantee. However, the use of a five-axis machining center is different. It adopts reasonable process measures of the five-axis machining center and utilizes the multi-station point, line and surface machining characteristics of the five-axis machining center to complete multiple processes or all the processes.

Let`s talk about different surface treatment today. "The scientific name of nitrocarburizing is also known as "cyanidation." The elements that penetrate into the surface of the steel are mainly "nitrogen", and the addition of "carbon". Soft nitriding is essentially based on nitriding. The main low-temperature carbonitriding, compared with hard nitriding, has a lower hardness and less brittleness, so it is called soft nitriding. nitrocarburizing methods are divided into two categories: gas soft nitriding and liquid soft nitriding At present, the most widely used in domestic production is gas nitrocarburizing. Gas nitrocarburizing is the low-temperature carbon and nitrogen co-infiltration in an atmosphere containing activated carbon and nitrogen atoms. The temperature is usually 560~570℃, and the nitriding time is often 2~3 hours. The current problem of gas nitrocarburizing is that the thickness of the iron-nitrogen compound layer in the surface layer is thin (0.01-0.02mm), and the hardness gradient of the nitride layer is steep, so it is not suitable to work under heavy load conditions. "The meaning does not mean that the hardness obtained is lower than the hardness of the so-called "hard nitriding", but it means that it is simple, labor-saving and low in cost."

Aluminum cannot be electroplated. Electroplating is a reduction reaction that occurs on the cathode. The colored aluminum electrochemical film we see is the effect of different electrolyte oxidation on the anode. This is not electroplating, but an oxide film added to the surface of aluminum products. So it is called "anodized aluminum" instead of "aluminum plating". The chemical nature of aluminum is relatively active. If electroplating, in an acidic electrolyte, aluminum ions on the cathode will generate aluminum salts and hydrogen gas while obtaining electron reduction. If it is an alkaline electrolyte, aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen are generated. Therefore, aluminum cannot be plated by electroplating. This is the same reason as electrolytic sodium chloride can not get sodium metal, but get sodium hydroxide. Aluminum is produced by electrolysis, but it is not in an aqueous solution, but aluminum oxide is electrolyzed in the molten state to obtain metallic aluminum. There is some aluminum plating, that is another process-vacuum aluminum plating instead of electroplating, vacuum aluminum plating can even plate aluminum mirror on glass

Brass vs Bronze? What's the difference? The differences: 1. Bronze is characterized by low melting point, high hardness, strong plasticity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, bright color and so on. Bronze ware is suitable for casting all kinds of utensils, machinery parts, bearings, gears and so on. 2. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.Brass is often used in the manufacture of valves, water pipes, air conditioning internal and external engine connection pipes and radiators, and other CNC machining brass parts. 3. Bronze is the earliest alloy in the history of metal treating bai casting. Du is a zhi alloy that adds tin or lead to pure copper.

The advantages of die casting include that the casting has excellent dimensional accuracy. Usually this depends on the casting material, the typical value is the error of 0.1 mm at the initial 2.5 cm size, and the error increases by 0.002 mm for each additional 1 cm. Compared with other casting processes, the surface of its castings is smooth, and the radius of the fillet is about 1-2.5 microns. Relative to sandbox or permanent mold casting methods, castings with a wall thickness of approximately 0.75 mm can be produced. It can directly cast internal structures, such as wire sleeves, heating elements, and high-strength bearing surfaces. Some other advantages include its ability to reduce or avoid secondary machining, fast production speeds, tensile strength of castings up to 415 MPa, and the ability to cast high-flow metals.

1. Box type parts The five-axis machining center can process box-type parts. The box-type parts mainly process some multi-station pores and planes. The machining accuracy requires the processing of box-type parts, especially the box-type parts with strict shape accuracy requirements. Generally, it needs to go through multiple processes such as milling, drilling, expanding, boring, twisting, tapping, etc., all kinds of tools need to be used, and more tools are used. Box type parts are processed on ordinary machine tools The difficulty is relatively large, requiring multiple clamping and alignment, and the machining accuracy is difficult to guarantee. It is generally more appropriate to use a horizontal machining center to process box parts, but a five-axis machining center can also be processed. 2. Complex surface type parts Complex surface type parts often appear in machinery, aerospace and aerospace. Complex surface type parts are difficult or even impossible to complete with ordinary CNC machine tools. Common complex curved surfaces include: impellers, spherical surfaces, blades on turbine engines, molds for forming various curved surfaces, marine propellers, propellers for underwater vehicles, and some other freely combined curved surfaces. These complex curved surface parts are most suitable for machining with a five-axis machining center. The programming workload of using five-axis machining centers to process complex curved surface type parts is relatively large, and the programming of complex curved surface type parts adopts automatic programming technology. 3. Special-shaped parts Special-shaped parts refer to irregular parts, such as workpieces with mixed positions of points, lines, and surfaces. In general, the rigidity of special-shaped parts is relatively poor, so it is difficult or even impossible to process using ordinary CNC machine tools. During the processing, the clamping pressure is difficult to control, and the processing accuracy is difficult to guarantee. However, the use of a five-axis machining center is different. It adopts reasonable process measures of the five-axis machining center and utilizes the multi-station point, line and surface machining characteristics of the five-axis machining center to complete multiple processes or all the processes.

1: Overview Forging: Using hammers and other ways to change its physical properties. Casting: The metal is melted into a liquid and poured into a mold. After cooling it to a solid, various types of objects with complex shapes can be made. 2: production process Forging: It is a kind of forging machine that applies pressure to metal blanks to produce mechanical properties. Casting: It is a method of casting liquid metal into a casting cavity suitable for the shape of a part, and after cooling and solidifying it, a method for obtaining a part. 3: Usage Forging is used to process certain shapes and sizes. Casting is used on parts with complex shapes. 4: Advantages Casting is easy to mass-produce, and forging is more complicated due to the complicated process, so the manufacturing cost is relatively high. However, during the continuous pressure of production process to a forging product, the molecular structure will become very tight after forming, so it can withstand relatively high pressure. The same size and strength, forged products are also lighter than cast products.

Milling is generally carried out on milling machine or boring machine, which is suitable for processing plane, groove, various forming surfaces (such as spline, gear and thread) and special shaped surfaces of mould, etc. Processing object: (1) plane parts The feature of plane parts is that the processing surface can not only be parallel to the horizontal plane, but also be perpendicular to the horizontal plane, and can also be fixed angle with the included angle of the horizontal plane; The vast majority of parts processed on the numerical control milling machine belong to plane parts, plane parts are the simplest type of parts in CNC milling, which can be processed only by using two-axis linkage or three-axis linkage of three-coordinate CNC milling machine. In the process of processing, the machining surface contacts with the cutter as the surface, and both rough and finish machining can use end milling cutter or ox nose cutter. (2) curved surface parts The feature of curved surface parts is that the processing surface is spatial curved surface. In the process of processing, the processing surface and the milling cutter are always point contact. Surface finish machining mostly adopts ball-end milling cutter.

There are significant differences between vacuum/blister and injection molding in terms of materials and processes: Blister and injection molding are hot molding process, this is a place where they are more similar.However, the blister is made by heating the blister sheet to soften, and then the air inside the mold is drained, so that the softened plastic sheet can be adsorbed on the mold, and finally the blister is formed by air cooling.However, injection molding is to melt the plastic back particles into a semi-fluid, using pressure injection into the inside of the mold, and finally water cooling molding. The processing temperature of blister is usually more than 70 degrees to more than 90 degrees, and the lowest processing temperature of injection molding is more than 100 degrees. Vacuum is generally used on the packaging, and injection molding is a lot of electrical products, toys shell.

Gears can be classified according to tooth shape, gear shape, tooth line shape, surface of gear teeth and manufacturing method. 1) Gears can be classified into tooth profile curve, pressure angle, tooth height and displacement according to tooth shape. 2) Gears are divided into cylindrical gears, bevel gears, non-circular gears, racks, and worm-worm gears according to their external dimensions. 3) According to the tooth shape gears are divided into spur gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, curve gears. 4) According to the surface gears where the gear teeth are located, they are divided into external gears and internal gears. The addendum circle of the external gear is smaller than the root circle; the addendum circle of the internal gear is smaller than the root circle. 5) Gears are divided into cast gears, cut gears, rolled gears, sintered gears, etc. according to the manufacturing method.